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Вариант 000
1. Прочтите текст.
POLITICAL SYSTEM OF THE USA
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own government («state government»). In some ways the United States is like 50 small
countries.
The government of the USA act according to the Constitution which was signed by the first thirteen representatives of thirteen original American states in 1787. The document was written in 1787 and since that time twenty six Amendments have been added. The first ten Amendments were simply rights or the Bill of rights. According to the Constitution the USA is a republic. So, the officials of any rank are elected by US citizens. Every citizen has rights which can not be violated.
The Constitution proclaims a federal system of government which keeps both the states and the federal power from getting too much power. It means that the federal government is given certain powers, for example, to make peace or war, to issue money and to regulate the trade and so on.
The federal power is located in Washington, D.C. It is based on legislative, executive and juridical branches of power.
The legislative power is vested in Congress, which consists of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators in Congress. Each state elects two members for
the Senate.
The executive branch is headed by the President who is assisted by the Vice President. The President enforces federal laws, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The President can veto a bill unless Congress by a two-thirds vote shall overrule him. The Vice President, elected from the same political party as the President, acts as chairman of the Senate, and in the event of the death of the President, assumes the Presidency. The President of the USA is chosen in nationwide elections every 4 years together with the Vice-President. The President can not be elected for more than two terms. The Cabinet is made up of Department Secretaries. The most important of them is the Secretary of State, who deals with foreign affairs.
The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the President for life. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts between citizens of different states.
Constitution has been amended twenty six times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual liberties: freedom of word, religion and so on. Later amendments abolished slavery, granted the vote to women and colour people and allowed citizens to vote at the age of 18.
1.1. Ответьте на вопросы.
1 What is the main document of the USA?
2 When was the Constitution of the USA signed?
3 How many Amendments have been added to the Constitution since 1787?
4 What does the Constitution proclaim?
5 What powers is the federal government given?
6 Where is the federal government located?
7 Where is the legislative power vested?
8 How many members are there in the House of Representatives?
9 Who is the head of the executive power in the USA?
10 How often do the President's elections take place?
11 Who deals with foreign affairs in the USA?
12 What does the Bill of Rights guarantee?
2.Употребите необходимые временные формы вместо инфинитивов в скобках.
1. What you (to look) at? — I (to look) at that picture over there. I (to look) at it for almost half an hour and I still can't understand what it is. 2. What Mary (to do)? — She (to practise) the piano. She (to play) since 12 o'clock. I think she must have a rest. 3. Here you are at last! I (to look) for you everywhere. 4. Why you (to smile) Robert? — I (to watch) your kitten. What a playful little thing it is! 5. I see you (to write) letters all the morning. Is it the last letter you (to write) now? 6. You (to sit) here for a long time. You (to wait) for anybody? 7. How long you (to study) English? — For three years already. 8. I (to work) at my report since Monday. Now I (to write) the conclusion. 9. Mary's mother (to rest) in the garden all day because she is ill. 10. She (to sleep) for ten hours! You must wake her! 11. David (to repair) the TV-set. He (to work) at it for an hour or so. David (to wash) his hands. He just (to repair) the TV-set. Why you all (to laugh)? Jim (to tell) you his anecdotes? It's six o'clock. I (to wait) for Ann for half an hour. I must be off now.
3. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на страдательный залог.
1. Когда обсуждался этот вопрос? 2. Такие вопросы часто обсуждаются на наших собраниях. 3. Какой вопрос сейчас обсуждается? 4. Этот вопрос уже обсудили. 5. Когда я пришла, этот вопрос обсуждался. 6. Эта книга написана в XVIII веке. 7. Когда статья будет написана, ее поместят в газете. 8. Рассказ уже написан? 9. Эта работа была написана до того, как были сделаны новые открытия в этой области. 10. В Москве сейчас строится много новых домов. 11. Когда мы переехали сюда, неподалеку строилось несколько домов. 12. На этой площади будет построен новый дом. 13. Этот дом был построен до войны. 14. Эта школа только что построена. Осенью в ней начнутся занятия. 15. Мне уже задавали такой вопрос. 16. Такие вопросы часто задают на экзамене. 17. Я уверена, что вам зададут много вопросов, когда вы будете рассказывать о своей поездке. 18. Так как ему уже раньше задавали такие вопросы, он знал, что ответить.
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